Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797–1851) was born into radical intellectual royalty, the daughter of feminist pioneer Mary Wollstonecraft and political philosopher William Godwin. However, she secured her own immortal literary legacy during the dreary, rain-soaked "Year Without a Summer" in 1816. While staying near Lake Geneva with her lover (and future husband) Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori, the group held a ghost-story competition to pass the time. Inspired by a terrifying waking dream and contemporary discussions on galvanism, the eighteen-year-old Mary conceived the story of a brilliant, arrogant scientist and his forsaken creation.

Published anonymously in 1818, Frankenstein practically invented the modern science fiction genre. Beneath its gothic horror, the novel posed profound ethical questions about unchecked ambition, the responsibilities of a creator, and the agonizing pain of social isolation. Though her later life was deeply marred by staggering personal tragedy—including the early deaths of three of her children and the tragic drowning of Percy—Shelley continued to write prolifically. She authored apocalyptic fiction, historical novels, and extensive biographical essays, cementing her reputation not merely as the wife of a romantic poet, but as a towering, visionary architect of modern literature.

Essential Reading

• Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818): Her undisputed masterpiece, a terrifying and heartbreaking exploration of scientific hubris and a creature's desperate, violent yearning for human connection.
• The Last Man (1826): A pioneering apocalyptic novel set in the late 21st century, chronicling the gradual destruction of humanity by a devastating global plague, heavily colored by the author's own profound grief.

Mathilda (written 1819, published 1959): A dark, emotionally raw, and semi-autobiographical novella that delves into intense psychological suffering, isolation, and taboo familial desires.

• The Mortal Immortal (1833): A haunting, brilliant short story about an alchemist's assistant who drinks an elixir of life, only to discover the agonizing, lonely curse of outliving everyone he has ever loved.